AMI en Latinoamérica Aproximación, análisis y propuesta de medición sobre el contexto de la Alfabetización Mediática e Informacional en América Latina

Esta tesis doctoral desarrolla una metodología para la evaluación de la alfabetización mediática e informacional (AMI), que se basa en los marcos propuestos por la UNESCO (2011, 2013) y la Comisión Europea (Celot y Pérez Tornero, 2009), brindando una adaptación de las recomendaciones diseñadas por estos dos grandes representantes de la AMI aplicable al contexto específico de América Latina. También hace una revisión de literatura sobre las teorías generales relacionadas con la alfabetización mediática e informacional, así como de estudios en AMI llevados a cabo en diferentes países, principalmente en los once seleccionados para esta investigación. De esta manera, se plantea un enfoque amplio sobre la AMI que tiene en cuenta diversos autores e instituciones que trabajan en este campo (ACRL, 2000; Ainley et al., 2012; NAP-ICTL, 2012; Pérez-Tornero, 2007; UNESCO, 2008; Celot y Pérez-Tornero 2009; Lau y Cortés, 2009; Renee Hobbs, 2010; UNESCO, 2011, 2013; Giraldo et al., 2014, entre otros). Teorías relacionadas con la edu-comunicación, la alfabetización mediática, estudios de medios, alfabetización informacional, alfabetización TIC/digital, alfabetizaciones múltiples, etc., han sido comparadas y analizadas. El resultado es la creación de un marco teórico sólido tanto sobre la competencia mediática como sobre la evaluación del contexto AMI. El estudio se basa en un profundo análisis de contenidos que sistematiza variables relacionadas con políticas públicas, planes de estudios, planes nacionales en TIC, seguridad cibernética y elementos relacionados con la AMI en general (alfabetización informacional, alfabetización digital, competencia mediática) en los once países estudiados. También tiene en cuenta un amplio cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de 44 expertos en AMI provenientes de Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Panamá, Perú, República Dominicana, Uruguay y Venezuela. La investigación muestra cómo los países de América Latina se están adaptando a la sociedad del conocimiento -a velocidades bastante diferentes- y describe (y se centra en ello) un escenario de rápido movimiento en el que se observa la manera en que algunos países de la región comienzan a concentrar sus esfuerzos en acciones que van más allá de la fase embrionaria de generación de oportunidades de acceso a las TIC (infraestructura TI en general, programas 1:1, ciber-centros, construcción de redes, etc.). También muestra cómo los países del mismo nivel de ingresos (medio-alto) han llevado a cabo diferentes estrategias digitales que, en algunos casos, han conducido a resultados de alto impacto. El resultado de esta investigación es una propuesta de "Índice de preparación AMI" y un amplio primer mapeo de los factores que favorecen a la AMI en la región.This thesis develops an assessment methodology on Media and Information Literacy (MIL), which is based on the frameworks proposed by UNESCO (2011, 2013) and the European Commission (Celot & Pérez Tornero, 2009), adapting the directions given by these two major representatives in the field of MIL to the specific context of Latin America. It also makes a literature review on media and information literacy general theories as well as on MIL studies carried out in different countries, mainly in the eleven selected for this research. A broad approach to MIL is drafted taking into account several authors and institutions working on this field (ACRL, 2000; Ainley et al., 2012; NAP-ICTL, 2012; Pérez-Tornero, 2007; UNESCO, 2008; Celot & Pérez-Tornero, 2009; Lau & Cortés, 2009; Renee Hobbs, 2010; UNESCO, 2011, 2013; Giraldo et al., 2014, among others). Theories related to edu-communication, media literacy, media studies, information literacy, digital/ICT literacy, multiple literacies, etc. have been compared and analyzed. The result is the creation of a robust theoretical framework both on media competence and on MIL context assessment. The study relies on a deep content analysis that systematizes variables related to public policy, school curriculum, ICT plans, cyber-security, and media and information literacy elements (informational literacy, digital literacy, media competence) in the eleven countries studied. It also takes into account a comprehensive questionnaire with a sample of 44 MIL experts from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela. The research shows how countries in Latin America are adapting to the Knowledge Society -at very different speeds- and describes (and focuses on) a fast-moving scenario where some countries of the region are starting to concentrate their efforts on actions that go beyond the embryonic stage of generating opportunities to access ICT (general IT infrastructure, 1:1 programs, cyber-centers, networks building, etc.). It also shows how countries on the same income level (mid-high) have run very different digital strategies which, in some cases, have led to high impact outcomes. The result of this research is a "MIL Readiness Index" proposal and a rich first mapping of the MIL enabling factors in the region

Rapid Total Synthesis of (±)Trigonoliimine A via a Strecker/Houben–Hoesch Sequence

A novel synthetic route to the hexacyclic system of trigonoliimine A was accomplished in four steps from <i>N</i>-phthaloyl 6-OMe-tryptamine. Key reactions include a three-component Strecker-type reaction to fashion the two C–N bonds in the D ring and a subsequent Houben–Hoesch type cyclization to deliver the characteristic seven-membered C ring

Two new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from <i>Alstonia rostrata</i>

<p>Two new indole alkaloids, winphyllines A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>4</b>), along with four known alkaloids, <i>N</i>_b-demethylechitamine (<b>2</b>), 17-<i>O</i>-acetylnorechitamine (<b>3</b>), 12-methoxyechitamidine (<b>5</b>), and <i>N</i>(4)-demethylastogustine (<b>6</b>), were isolated from the methanol extract of the twigs of <i>Alstonia rostrata</i>. The structures of <b>1</b> and <b>4</b> were elucidated by means of HRMS and NMR spectroscopic methods. The <i>in vitro</i> cytotoxic activity of the isolated alkaloids against several human cancer cell lines was evaluated.</p

Hedychins A and B, 6,7-Dinorlabdane Diterpenoids with a Peroxide Bridge from Hedychium forrestii

Hedychins A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), two unprecedented 6,7-dinorlabdane ditepenoids with a peroxide bridge, were obtained from the rhizomes of Hedychium forrestii. Their structures and absolute configurations were unequivocally established by a combination of spectroscopic data and X-ray single-crystal diffractions. Their plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed. Compound <b>2</b> exhibited cytotoxicity against HepG2 and XWLC-05 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 8.0 and 19.7 μM, respectively

Myritonines A–C, Alkaloids from <i>Myrioneuron tonkinensis</i> Based on a Novel Hexacyclic Skeleton

Myritonines A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), three new alkaloids bearing an unprecedented heterohexacyclic skeleton, were isolated from <i>Myrioneuron tonkinensis</i>. Their structures were determined by a combination of spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound <b>3</b> represents the first <i>Myrioneuron</i> alkaloid featuring a unique <i>trans</i>-decahydroquinoline motif and was also found to possess a rare cyano functionality. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> showed inhibition against the hepatitis C virus in vitro

Myritonines A–C, Alkaloids from <i>Myrioneuron tonkinensis</i> Based on a Novel Hexacyclic Skeleton

Myritonines A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), three new alkaloids bearing an unprecedented heterohexacyclic skeleton, were isolated from <i>Myrioneuron tonkinensis</i>. Their structures were determined by a combination of spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound <b>3</b> represents the first <i>Myrioneuron</i> alkaloid featuring a unique <i>trans</i>-decahydroquinoline motif and was also found to possess a rare cyano functionality. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> showed inhibition against the hepatitis C virus in vitro

Myritonines A–C, Alkaloids from <i>Myrioneuron tonkinensis</i> Based on a Novel Hexacyclic Skeleton

Myritonines A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), three new alkaloids bearing an unprecedented heterohexacyclic skeleton, were isolated from <i>Myrioneuron tonkinensis</i>. Their structures were determined by a combination of spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound <b>3</b> represents the first <i>Myrioneuron</i> alkaloid featuring a unique <i>trans</i>-decahydroquinoline motif and was also found to possess a rare cyano functionality. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> showed inhibition against the hepatitis C virus in vitro

Taburnaemines A–I, Cytotoxic Vobasinyl-Iboga-Type Bisindole Alkaloids from <i>Tabernaemontana corymbosa</i>

Nineteen vobasinyl-ibogan-type bisindole alkaloids, including nine new compounds, taburnaemines A–I (<b>1</b>–<b>9</b>), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of <i>Tabernaemontana corymbosa</i>. The structures and absolute configurations of the new alkaloids were determined by a combination of MS, NMR, and ECD analyses. Alkaloids <b>1</b>–<b>5</b> contain a rare 1,3-oxazinane moiety in the vobasinyl unit, while <b>6</b> has an uncommon 1,3-oxazolidine moiety in the iboga unit. The absolute configurations of alkaloid <b>1</b> and the known alkaloid tabernaecorymbosine A (<b>10</b>) were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All of the bisindole alkaloids, except <b>2</b> and 16′-decarbomethoxy­tabernaecorymbosine A (<b>14</b>), showed antiproliferative activity (IC₅₀ 2.6–9.8 μM) against several human cancer cell lines, including A-549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, KB, and P-glycoprotein-overexpressing multidrug-resistant KB cells. The preliminary structure–activity relationship correlations are also discussed

Taburnaemines A–I, Cytotoxic Vobasinyl-Iboga-Type Bisindole Alkaloids from <i>Tabernaemontana corymbosa</i>

Nineteen vobasinyl-ibogan-type bisindole alkaloids, including nine new compounds, taburnaemines A–I (<b>1</b>–<b>9</b>), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of <i>Tabernaemontana corymbosa</i>. The structures and absolute configurations of the new alkaloids were determined by a combination of MS, NMR, and ECD analyses. Alkaloids <b>1</b>–<b>5</b> contain a rare 1,3-oxazinane moiety in the vobasinyl unit, while <b>6</b> has an uncommon 1,3-oxazolidine moiety in the iboga unit. The absolute configurations of alkaloid <b>1</b> and the known alkaloid tabernaecorymbosine A (<b>10</b>) were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All of the bisindole alkaloids, except <b>2</b> and 16′-decarbomethoxy­tabernaecorymbosine A (<b>14</b>), showed antiproliferative activity (IC₅₀ 2.6–9.8 μM) against several human cancer cell lines, including A-549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, KB, and P-glycoprotein-overexpressing multidrug-resistant KB cells. The preliminary structure–activity relationship correlations are also discussed

Anisucoumaramide, a Bioactive Coumarin from <i>Clausena anisum-olens</i>

A new coumarin, anisucoumaramide (<b>1</b>), and a new δ-truxinate derivative, anisumic acid (<b>2</b>), were isolated from <i>Clausena anisum-olen</i>s. Their structures were elucidated from extensive NMR and MS data. The absolute configurations of the coumarins were assigned using the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. Anisucoumaramide (<b>1</b>) represents the first example of a naturally occurring coumarin of which the terpenoidal side chain does not comply with the biosynthesis isoprene rule due to the presence of an unprecedented acetamido motif directly connected with the terpenoidal side chain. The δ-truxinate derivative was isolated from <i>Clausena</i> species for the first time. Compound <b>1</b> showed high selectivity for the MAO-B isoenzyme and inhibitory activity in the nanomolar range. Putative biosynthesis pathways toward <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> are proposed